Sunday, May 30, 2010

When is it Okay to Call Someone "Nigger"?

Who was the instigator?

There are two sides that Judge Peter Dorothy has to take into consideration. Adam Huber’s account where she said David White yelled out “There’s a nigger” and that Jay over heard it and threw a water bottle; and Jay’s side, where he said that they were going to lynch him and his family. Lynching in the context where it was done in the Deep South and had black people put on impromptu trails in front of a mob and killed by hanging from a tree with a noose.

Did Jay overreact to being called a Nigger?

In a police interview, Adam Huber’s account started with David White yelling “There's a nigger” to the passengers in the truck from the bed. Now put yourself in Jay Philips’ shoes for a minute; the action police will want you to take is not to escalate the situation and to call the police and report it. As with anything when rage and adrenalin gets involve, judgement on what the right thing to do is hampered, and you only have a split second to decide your action.
Now, can you blame Jay for throwing a water bottle at the truck and calling them back to fight? If I was in his shoes, it would be hard for me to let something like that go without reacting to their words.

Or Should we Blame David White for the Racially Motivated Verbal Attack?

Can you blame David White for yelling out “Hey there’s a nigger” within ear shot of Jay wrong? I will go out and say yes, it is wrong. In countries like Germany, Austria, and some European countries, just drawing a swastika can land you in jail. Here in the Comox Valley, acts such as when David White hung himself from a tree with a noose and burning a cross were met with amusement and enjoyment among his peers. I also want to add, those acts are illegal in some American States, so those pictures of David White will have him in trouble if they were taken on US soil, something law makers here should think about.

This attitude is definitely sickening to me. In Canada, we like to think of ourselves as people with progressive ideals, but really, its countries like the United States, Germany, and Austria that are doing more to curb racial motivated violence by making sure people don’t celebrate racist culture. As I said in past blog posts, encouraging people to fly confederate flags, say racist jokes, and burning crosses will only reinforce racism into the people of the Comox Valley. And the result will be more verbal and physical attacks on people who are trying live life here in the beautiful Comox Valley.

Pussy vs Nigger?

David White claimed Jay called them "pussies" in reaction to his racist slurs. In the police interview, David White said, "he called us pussies — he wanted to take us all ... we called him some racial slurs."

When is it okay to call someone Nigger?

The trio had said in the interview with CHEK6 that they only used the word "Nigger" because Jay Phillips made them mad. Dean Slotz, in the interview asked “why the language,” the accused stated they weren’t racists but pissed off. They then defended their use of the N-word by saying it was used to make “him mad because he made [them] mad.” Huber also acknowledged that “it shouldn’t have been said.”

Their Account of the Events Leading to the fight

In the Dean Slotz interview, Adam said:
“we were driving the truck through the McDonalds drive-thru when we turned the corner, I guess Jay is his name is – is with a buddy of his on the corner, drove by, something may have been said, and I see a cheese burger flying through the air. That’s when we turned around -- we turned the truck around, and when we did, I preceded out of the truck to ask him ‘why, what are you throwing at my truck.’ He proceeded to throw his hands in the air and call us all names, slander, say he wanted to fight all 3 of us, he’ll take us all on. I don’t want to say the words that he used but that’s pretty much the gist of it.”

When the Stolz wanted to make clear which side the initial insult came from, one male answered:
“we’re not really sure, we seen the cheeseburger flying through the air. We turned around [the truck] and asked him what the deal was. He wouldn’t even answer us why he threw the cheese burger. He just kind of threw his hands in the air calling us all out… you know.”

Then the other male said, laughing afterwards:
“I just actually seen a cheese burger lying in the back of the truck.”

Thursday, May 27, 2010

More from the Man Behind the Lense

Comox Valley Record:
May 27th -Racism cited in assault


Victoria Times Colonist:
May 27th -Slur drew YouTube poster to fracas

National Post:
May 27th -Video of racial attack key evidence

New Perspective from a Reader

I would like to share a comment an anonymous reader, which I found thoughtful and gives a new perspective to the case:
Anonymous said...I find it very interesting that for someone who is not attending these court dates, you have so much input on the entire subject. A lot IS being said about what is going on, but if you were actually there in person you would be able to see how much each person that has testified has a different story. Of course memory comes into play, and points are bound to vary, but you would also recognize that Jay Phillips is changing his story immensely and things are definitely not adding up. there is much to say about how the media has exposed the entire subject, plus the information that was given to the RCMP true AND false. I hope that this case brings light to how things can be quickly misconstrued and how rapidly people react to the worst in people. Yes, what the three accused of was shocking and horrifying, but it also could have been dealt with in a much more accurate and responsible manner, perhaps by sending the evidence of the fight that was recorded to the police instead of labeling it "3 white supremacists attack black male," or "hate crime," and then posting it carelessly onto youtube portraying these individuals as monsters when really you know absolutely nothing about these young men, who actually are loving human beings and deserve to be treated fairly just like anyone else. Many lives have been affected even ruined; accused and guilty by association and I just wish that people could understand that there are always two sides to a story and if people are so concerned, disgusted and upset about what they were exposed to, then maybe they should have found the time to look deeper into this and show their concern by showing their faces in the court room. I found it very interesting that in the heat of the moment and for most of the month of at least July, people were coming together to protest and show their support for Jay Phillips. Although yesterday and today looking around in the courtroom, only half of the seats were filled half of which are family members of the accused,the other half being mostly media. I'd also like to point out the fact that the media has crossed a lot of personal boundaries, not just of the 3 accused but also those of which that seem to be guilty by association. Peoples lives are personal and its unfortunate that certain news reporters have trespassed and exposed those that are not at all liable for what happened in that video. Its clear that you have put a lot of time and energy into this blog, and its much appreciated that you are staying up-to-date for those that are watching the case, but its also unfortunate that you have only taken the time to look into the lives of the trios criminal past and was not present to hear Jays past record that was brought up in court. Hope to see more faces tomorrow in court.

I would like to politely disagree with the Anonymous' comment point about how we only looked into the lives of the trio and not Jay’s.

1) Burning crosses, playing with a noose on a tree, and socializing in a room full of racist imagery has ingrained racist ideals and attitudes into young adults, and in this case it was David White. The result: David shouting out racist remarks to a visible minority to incite anger and for a reaction. Or did he do it because he thought it was funny?

2) What does Jay’s past have to do with why David White called him “Nigger”? Just because of Jay’s criminal past, David has the right to call him that word with such hate?

I will agree with how unfairly they were labeled white supremacist. In the age of Facebook, email, and MSN, it’s really easy for rumours to spread. However, I have been to parties on the island before where guys with shaved heads say stuff like “what’s up with this nigger noise” when referring to rap music, and have handed out Neo-Nazi literature to me. And the room that David, Adam and Damien were hanging out in reminded me so much of that party in Campbell River – confederate flags, swastikas and other racist images on the walls. Are you sure they are not racist? And if so, are you also sure it did not play a role in how the fight was instigated

You can respond to post in the comments section

Wednesday, May 26, 2010

Day 2 of the Trial

There has been good coverage of the trail by local media outlets.

So far the people who testified were: Jay Philips, RCMP Const. Dean Biollo, Dean Soltz who interview the trio after the incident, Chris Kemila who shot the infamous video, and Adam's former common-law partner, Sonja Dickinson.

A lot of people are talking about how the relevance of Jay's past as a heroin addict 10 years ago played role in the altercation. Without being at the trial its hard to say, but a lot of people are saying the defense are just grasping at any strings they can get in a "smear campaign". Although I won't go as far as to say they're out to smear Jay Philips, but I think they might just be trying to vilify him.

There has been a lot of back lash towards the trio's defense counsel (aka lawyers). Its hard, but their job is to defend these guys and to make sure they get a fair trial. This includes exploring every avenue of defense. It may look bad on there part depending on your views, but these guys are just doing their job.


Comox Valley Record:
May 25th - Testimony underway
May 26th - Assault was racially motivated, Phillips testifies

CBC News:
May 26th - YouTube assault trial continues in B.C.

Vancouver Sun:
May 26th - Vancouver Island YouTube assault began with slurs: victim

CTV News:
May 26th - Courtenay YouTube assault trial begins


JetFM:
May 26th - YouTube Assault Trial Continues

Tuesday, April 27, 2010

Cross Burning in Nova Scotia Terrifies Interracial Couple

I'm furious by comments on the blog of people playing down the act of burning crosses. It's an act of hate and terror. Plain and simple. People don't burn crosses for something to do -- they burn crosses to intimidate and to celebrate hate.

Recently an interracial couple in the small community of Poplar Grove, Nova Scotia awoke to a burning cross on their front lawn 2 months ago. By the time Shayne Howe got outside, all he heard was "Die nigger, die". Thankfully, two young men in their early 20's were caught and are being prosecuted for this hate crime - Justin Rehberg (19) and Nathan Rehberg (20).

Sadly, just last weekend the couple's car was torched and the police are currently investigating. It's no surprise, but the couple will be packing up and moving their children to a different community to start a new life. Who wins in this case? Its very sad, and I don't want to see this happen in our community.

Its very dangerous when our young people are practicing and celebrating racist culture. As parents, we have to watch our kids to make sure they don't burn crosses, post racist content on the internet, use racial epithets or draw racist imagery on personal belongings.

We have to do everything we can to try to keep our children out of trouble. It doesn't take much for young people to cross that line and act upon those racist attitudes. Especially with a little bit of alcohol, youths will lose all inhibitions.

Having our children start life with a criminal record and jail time is not what every parent wants. Instead, we want them to start life with an education and a good head on their shoulders.

Further Readings

Sunday, April 25, 2010

David White and Adam Huber Seen with Racist Imagery

It's unknown who's rumpus room this is, but it is littered with racists imagery and phrases. These include: "No Flat Brimmers and No Fags," "Whites Only," "Nayggers," "Triple White," and images of someone being hung from a noose, and sketch of a hooded character with the letters KKK.

Seen spending time in this room are David White and Adam Huber.

Despite all the racist and homophobic decor, the trio stated in an interview last year with Dean Stoltz from CHEK News that they are not a racist











David Samuel White Cross Burning

In a shocking revelation, pictures were recently posted online from a friend of the trio on April 23rd, 2010. In a Facebook album titled with the date "08-09," David White can been seen constructing a cross on a camping trip. In later pictures, the cross can be seen set a blazed and a shadowy figure parading in front.

Erecting and burning a cross is an act of hate commonly done by the Ku Klux Klan for intimidation. Lets not let these foolish stunts intimidate the people who live and work in the Comox Valley.

I just hope nearby campers did not witness this burning of a cross that night.



25376_1385606434223_1053876851_1108822_2780509_n-Sjep.jpg25376_1385606394222_1053876851_1108821_3258753_n-Z47a.jpg

David White Pictured Hanging from a Noose on a Tree

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We have unearthed photos from the facebook of David White and friends setting up a noose in the woods. To some, it looks like bunch of young men having fun with rope over a tree's branch, but in the United States displaying that kind of imagery is a punishable act (http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=315733). This is due to the long history of the noose being used as a symbol to represented the lynching of black African Americans by racist white Americans decades ago.

Looking at their pictures of confederate flags spray painted onto cars, and other pictures where the confederate flags are fragrantly displayed on walls and clothing makes me think these people like to revel in the culture of the American Deep South.

Looking back at the video of the attack, I now have a better understanding of the mind set of these boys.

Dog Urged to Attack Jay Philips in YouTube Video

a-slWF.jpg
b-pIZg.jpg

The forth guy who we though was urged to join the attack was actually Adam Huber's dog -- Spike.

Below is the amended transcript of the YouTube video.
-----------------------------------------------------------------



0:19 - Get him Spike get him, Get him boy, get him Spike. [Off camera voice]
0:27 - Get him Spike! [Off camera, audibly louder and angrier]

0:44 - Get him Adam [Unidentified Attacker]

0:45 – Just fuckin' do it Adam [Attacker1 then pats Attacker 2 on back]

0:48 - [Attacker2 throws a punch, no contact]

0:50 - Lets take him down [Unidentified Attacker]

0:55 - Guy in truck, Come'on! [JP]

1:10 - [JP falls to ground and is swarmed by the 3 attackers]

1:19 - Ah get up [Sounds like Attacker1]

1:21 - Come'on and fight you fuckin' Nigger [Unidentified Attacker, JP, however, still defenseless in headlock by Attacker1]

1:22 - [Attackers disperses as bystanders come to help]

2:25 - Ahhh come'on! You're fuckin' dead [JP is heard screaming after getting back on his feet]

2:34 - You're fuckin' killing me.. you fuckin (inaudible).. you're dead.. what the fuck.. come'on [JP]

2:49 - Niggers [Unidentified male]

2:53 - Come'on you fuckin' goons, don't look at me. [JP]

2:55 - Do you want to come with me? I'll take you were you gotta go. [Bystander to JP]

2:57 - Come'on guys lets go [Unidentified Attacker]

2:58 - Good bye nigger. [Attacker 1]

Saturday, April 24, 2010

Picture Emerges of Adam Huber After a Fight

Untitled-1-Aahc.jpg
* Screenshot was altered to protect the identities of people and children who are not of public interest. Tattoo was also enhanced and isolated to better depict it

On Adam's personal Facebook page, a picture showing him holding this newborn daughter, bruised and swollen was posted by Adam November 17, 2009 -- nearly 5 months after the incident involving Jay Philips. Taking his injuries in stride, Adam replied to a comment by writing, "still smiling ;)"

The 3rd commenter, with the same last name Huber, had the impression that Adam was the one who "provoked [this] punishment." What is not known is if those injuries were as a result of a fight before or after the attack on Jay Philips in July 2009.

The tattoo that was questioned in the infamous YouTube video can be clearly seen in this picture.

Man Sentence to 2 Years for Racial Motivated Attack in Ontario

Acts of violence not only occur in rural BC, but Ontario as well. An epidemic of violence acts against immigrant anglers has made it to the forefront of news the in Ontario. Trevor Middleton, who was a promising and upcoming star in the world of motocross, was recently sentence to 2 years in prison for and attack that resulted to permanent brain damage to one of his victims. (read more:

These acts have been going for sometime now in rural Ontario, and attention as only been focus onto these racist attacks recently. Some have blamed the lack of response by some in the legal system, and the continued dismissal by some Ontario municipal and provincial leaders.

Lets hope our community, municipal, and provincial leaders here in the Comox Valley will learn from this case in Ontario so that we don't see an escalation of racial attacks against minorities here.

Thursday, April 22, 2010

Date Set for Trial

May 25-27 will be the new trial dates for Adam David Huber, Robert William Rogers, and David Samuel White. The trail will take place in Room 222 in the Courtenay Court House and is scheduled to start at 9:30AM on May 25th, 2010.

Trio heading to trial
Comox Valley Record - April 22, 2010

A new date has been set for the trial of the three men accused of assaulting Jay Phillips last summer, bumping the date up from the fall to next month.

A trial was originally scheduled for Oct. 4 for Adam David Huber, 25, Robert William Rogers, 25, and David Samuel White, 19. Following an application last month by Huber’s lawyer Tom Morino, the dates for the trial are May 25, 26 and 27, Judge Doherty confirmed Thursday morning.

The assault caught international media attention as an apparent act of racism, with three white men attacking the black Phillips.

http://www.bclocalnews.com/news/91873654.html

Tuesday, April 6, 2010

Trial Confirmation Hearing Date Set

April 22nd, 2010 is the date set for the trial confirmation hearing of Adam Huber, David White, and Rod Rogers. Usually, a trail is set for a month after the confirmation hearing.

Friday, March 26, 2010

Lawyers of Trio File for New Court Date

Picture sent in by reader of the day the men went joy riding in the Coutenay mudflats. (see video)

Now that Adam is in jail for the next few months, the men's lawyers want to move the court date for the assult charges from August 19, 2010 to October 4, 2010. (update 26/03/10 - According to an anonymous commenter, Aug 19th is a confirmation hearing for the trail date of Oct 4th)


Comox Valley Record, March 25th, 2010

Adam David Huber, 25, one of the three men accused of attacking Jay Phillips last summer, received a six-month jail sentence — less time already served — on unrelated charges.

Huber, appearing before the court last Thursday, pleaded guilty to two counts each of impaired driving, driving while prohibited and breaching court orders while at large on the assault charge.

In agreement with lawyers representing Robert William Rodgers, 26, and David Samuel White, 20, Huber’s lawyer Tom Marino also filed an application to move the Oct. 4 trial date for the trio ahead.

Currently, a hearing is scheduled for Aug.19.


Comox Valley Record, March 18th, 2010

A lawyer for Adam David Huber, 25, one of three men accused of assaulting Jay Phillips in Courtenay last summer, has filed an application to move the Oct. 4 trial date ahead.

Victoria-based lawyer Tom Morino presented the request to Judge Doherty Thursday morning with lawyers Doug Marion (representing Robert William Rogers, 25) and Eric Chesterley (representing David Samuel White, 19) agreeing with the application.

Morino told the Record having his client wait in custody until the original October court date “(is) something that doesn’t make sense to me.”

“I would ideally like to have (the trial) within the next month or two, but realistically, I don’t think that’s going to happen,” he added.

A hearing is scheduled for Aug. 19.

The assault caught international media attention, as the three white men attacking the black Phillips went viral on the Internet after it was caught on video camera and broadcast on YouTube.

Adam Huber Sentence to Six Months for Impaired Driving

Adam was sentenced to 6months in prison for a rash of drinking and driving incidences. One of which had Adam blow through two stop signs with a near empty bottle of whiskey in his truck.

Adam now plans to move to Ontario to surround himself with better people when he gets out. Lawyers for all 3 men will return to court today to reschedule the court case on the attack on Jay Philips in 2009.




Island man in highly publicized assault jailed for impaired driving
Vancouver Sun, March 24th, 2010

One of three young white men accused of attacking a black man in a highly publicized assault caught on YouTube has been sent to jail on unrelated matters.

Adam David Huber received a six-month jail sentence on Thursday after pleading guilty to two counts each of impaired driving, driving while prohibited and breaching court orders while at large on the assault charge.

The alleged attack occurred on July 3. Charges were laid against Huber (25), Robert William Roy Rodgers (26) and David Samuel White (20) after a video of the incident was widely viewed on the YouTube video sharing service.

Four months later, on Nov. 13, 2009, Huber was arrested after a former police officer spotted a red pickup truck blowing through two stop signs on Fifth Street.

The witness, according to court testimony, saw Huber get out of the truck, stumble and then get back in and drive off.

He turned quickly onto Cliffe Avenue, but police sent to locate the vehicle lost it around 14th Street.

It was eventually found parked in front of a 14th Street business, Huber's wallet inside along with a nearly empty bottle of whiskey. Huber was found intoxicated in a nearby cul de sac.

He was released on a promise to appear that forbade him from consuming alcohol but two months later, on Jan. 8, he was found walking away from Gulliver's Pub after police got a report of a disturbance.

"Mr. Huber said I only had half a beer, it's still on the table inside," said Crown prosecutor M. Giri.

Huber was arrested for breaching and released again.

One month later, on Feb. 12 at 10:30 p.m., Huber was arrested again after he was spotted drinking alcohol while going through the McDonald's drive-thru.

He refused to blow. This time he was detained by Judge Peter Doherty after a bail hearing.

Huber's record includes one conviction for impaired driving and two others for driving without a licence.

Defence lawyer Tom Marino said his client "obviously has an issue with alcohol" and he has lost everything, including his work truck, since being taken into custody one month ago -- he gets credit for two months.

When released, Huber plans to return to Ontario so he can surround himself with a different circle of friends.

Judge Peter Doherty sentenced Huber to four additional months in jail on the impaired and breach charges, fined him $600 for the two driving while prohibited charges and suspended his driver's licence for two years.

Conditions of Huber's probation include that he attend substance abuse counseling, including residential treatment.

"Mr. Huber, you obviously have an alcohol problem, looking at your record and the kind of trouble you get in," said Doherty.

A trial on the assault charge for Huber and his two co-accused had originally been scheduled for September.

Lawyers for all three men agreed to return to court on March 25 to get a new, earlier trial date.

Sunday, February 28, 2010

Adam Huber to Remain in Jail Until Trail

More new again about Adam Huber. Looks like on Feb 12th, 2010 he was arrested again for impaired driving.

I'm sadden to hear that because Adam had been trying to start his own business with his girlfriend. And now that he is unable to drive, that will hurt his ability to run his business and support his child.

One of three accused in alleged Island racist attack, in jail facing other charges
COMOX VALLEY, FEBRUARY 19, 2010

One of three men accused of attacking another man in a McDonald's parking lot last summer will remain in custody until his charges are dealt with.

Adam David Huber (24) was denied bail on Monday after being arrested on Friday for impaired driving, refusing to blow and driving while prohibited.

Huber and two other men, David Samuel White and Robert William Roy Rodgers, are accused of assaulting Jay Philips on July 3 in an attack that was caught on YouTube and broadcast around the world. There were allegations of racism since Phillips is black and the three accused are white.

The ensuing media firestorm put the Comox Valley in the international spotlight for all the wrong reasons. The fight was widely condemned, with a large rally held by local residents days later and statements denouncing the incident from MP John Duncan, Mayor Greg Phelps and other local politicians.

Some have characterized the attack as being racially motivated. The Crown has previously said that, should they get a conviction, they would then make a decision as to whether or not a stiffer sentence should be sought under Canada's hate crime legislation.

All three men have pleaded not guilty. A three-day trial is scheduled to start on Oct. 4.

Huber's arrest on Feb. 12 marks his third since the alleged attack. He had previously been picked up for impaired driving and driving while prohibited on Nov. 13. He was arrested again on Jan. 8 for breaching his release conditions. Huber also came under fire from the local provincial court judge when he was twice late for court appearances.

All told, Huber now faces one charge of assault, five breaches, two impaired driving charges, two charges each of driving while disqualified and driving while prohibited and one charge for refusing to provide a sample of his breath.

Huber will remain in custody until his trial in October, barring an appeal of the bail decision, a change in plea or some other circumstance that allows the court to deal with the various charges earlier.

He is next expected in court on Feb. 25 for a first appearance on the most recent charges and to consult counsel on the remaining charges.

http://www.timescolonist.com/news/three+accused+alleged+Island+racist+attack+jail+facing+other+charges/2587815/story.html#ixzz0h0gE4u5a

Wednesday, February 3, 2010

Adam Huber Caught on Tape Using Homophobic Language

This CBC News report shows Adam's homophobic remarks after being chased by CHEK news crew. After running, Adam said to the cameraman, "you're a fag bud, get the fuck out of here you fuckin' homo."



Looks like they ran from the court house (map of route) to the train station, where Adam was caught using the inappropriate language. It was probably a 1km chase.

Thursday, January 28, 2010

Publication Ban on Adam Huber's Court Records

There is a publication ban on both his impaired driving and his case regarding the assault on Jay Philips July of last year. You can visit the BC Court Records here to view public records on any court case: https://eservice.ag.gov.bc.ca/cso/esearch/criminal/partySearch.do

All that we know is that Adam will be appearing in court again February 4, 2010.

Video Shows David White Throwing Young Man out of Adam Huber's Truck



Someone pointed me to this video that shows David White "flingin" (as titled in the YouTube Video) Andrew out of the truck as Adam Huber drives over a ditch. Also seen in the video is Robert Rogers. The video was posted by the user theherbsmoker on YouTube over two years ago: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-m7q88jcmg

The young man who was thrown out of the truck also commented on the YouTube page. A year later, someone claiming to be his brother replied:

Wednesday, January 13, 2010

New Charges Laid for Adam Huber

Trouble follows Adam Huber where ever he goes. He is now charged with drunk driving according to this Times Colonist report.

Member of trio charged with assault now facing impaired driving charges
Comox Valley Echo,
Tuesday, January 12, 2010

One of the three men charged in the fight with Jay Philips that garnered widespread attention after being posted to YouTube is now facing a charge of impaired driving.

Adam David Huber had a first appearance on the new charge in Courtenay Provincial Court on Thursday.

Huber faces charges for driving while impaired, operating a motor vehicle while disqualified, driving while prohibited and breaching a court order.

Huber is next expected in court on those charges on Jan. 28. All three men are expected in court on August 19 for a trial confirmation hearing in connection with the alleged assault on Philips.

Man in alleged Island racist incident faces impaired driving charge
Times Colonist,
January 12, 2010

One of the three men charged in the fight with Jay Philips that garnered widespread attention after being posted to YouTube is now facing a charge of impaired driving.

Adam David Huber had a first appearance on the new charge in Courtenay Provincial Court on Thursday.

Huber faces charges for driving while impaired, operating a motor vehicle while disqualified, driving while prohibited and breaching a court order.

Huber is next expected in court on those charges on Jan. 28. All three men are expected in court on August 19 for a trial confirmation hearing in connection with the alleged assault on Philips. In that incident, a video was posted on the Internet that created a furor with allegations that the fight was racially motivated.